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About computer and software!
Computer software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into RAM and executed in the central processing unit. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.
The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem.
Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes: system software, programming software and application software, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.
- System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools, servers, windowing systems, utilities and more. The purpose of systems software is to insulate the applications programmer as much as possible from the details of the particular computer complex being used, especially memory and other hardware features, and such as accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboards, etc.
- Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include text editors, compilers, interpreters, linkers, debuggers, and so on. An Integrated development environment (IDE) merges those tools into a software bundle, and a programmer may not need to type multiple commands for compiling, interpreting, debugging, tracing, and etc., because the IDE usually has an advanced graphical user interface, or GUI.
- Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks. Typical applications include industrial automation, business software, educational software, medical software, databases, and computer games. Businesses are probably the biggest users of application software, but almost every field of human activity now uses some form of application software
Users often see things differently than programmers. People who use modern general purpose computers (as opposed to embedded systems, analog computers, supercomputers, etc.) usually see three layers of software performing a variety of tasks: platform, application, and user software.
- Platform software
- Platform includes the firmware, device drivers, an operating system, and typically a graphical user interface which, in total, allow a user to interact with the computer and its peripherals (associated equipment). Platform software often comes bundled with the computer. On a PC you will usually have the ability to change the platform software.
- Application software
- Application software or Applications are what most people think of when they think of software. Typical examples include office suites and video games. Application software is often purchased separately from computer hardware. Sometimes applications are bundled with the computer, but that does not change the fact that they run as independent applications. Applications are almost always independent programs from the operating system, though they are often tailored for specific platforms. Most users think of compilers, databases, and other "system software" as applications.
- User-written software
- User software tailors systems to meet the users specific needs. User software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, and scripts for graphics and animations. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. Depending on how competently the user-written software has been integrated into purchased application packages, many users may not be aware of the distinction between the purchased packages, and what has been added by fellow co-workers.
Forbes 2000
This yearly list offers 2000 companies active in all kinds of industries. By selecting software & services a sublist can be made, which was 32 companies long in 2007. Forbes offers figures such as sales, profits, assets and market capitalization. Only public companies are listed. The ranking seems to be based upon a multiplication of sales*profits*assets*market capitalization. An extract of the Forbes list is provided below. The Forbes Global 2000 includes the following list of the world's largest software companies.
|
Relative
rank |
Global
rank |
Name |
Country |
Sales
($) |
Profits
($) |
Assets
($) |
Market Value
($) |
1 |
54 |
Microsoft |
United States |
&0000000000000041.36000041.36 |
&0000000000000013.06000013.06 |
&0000000000000067.26000067.26 |
&0000000000000279.020000279.02 |
2 |
240 |
Oracle |
United States |
&0000000000000012.89000012.89 |
&0000000000000002.8800002.88 |
&0000000000000019.35000019.35 |
&0000000000000064.01000064.01 |
3 |
248 |
First Data |
United States |
&0000000000000010.49000010.49 |
&0000000000000001.5900001.59 |
&0000000000000034.25000034.25 |
&0000000000000034.43000034.43 |
4 |
381 |
SAP |
Germany |
&0000000000000010.06000010.06 |
&0000000000000001.7700001.77 |
&0000000000000010.43000010.43 |
&0000000000000063.1.0E+563.10 |
5 |
418 |
Accenture |
Bermuda |
&0000000000000017.57000017.57 |
&0000000000000000.9600000.96 |
&0000000000000008.1200008.12 |
&0000000000000027.77000027.77 |
6 |
439 |
Google |
United States |
&0000000000000006.1400006.14 |
&0000000000000001.4700001.47 |
&0000000000000010.27000010.27 |
&0000000000000107.170000107.17 |
7 |
473 |
Yahoo! |
United States |
&0000000000000005.2600005.26 |
&0000000000000001.9.0E+51.90 |
&0000000000000010.87000010.87 |
&0000000000000045.48000045.48 |
8 |
499 |
Computer Sciences Corporation |
United States |
&0000000000000014.61000014.61 |
&0000000000000000.8500000.85 |
&0000000000000012.62000012.62 |
&0000000000000010.12000010.12 |
9 |
715 |
Electronic Data Systems |
United States |
&0000000000000019.76000019.76 |
&0000000000000000.1500000.15 |
&0000000000000017.09000017.09 |
&0000000000000013.84000013.84 |
10 |
776 |
SoftBank |
Japan |
&0000000000000007.8100007.81 |
!-0.56 |
&0000000000000015.53000015.53 |
&0000000000000032.78000032.78 |
11 |
948 |
Symantec |
United States |
&0000000000000003.6200003.62 |
&0000000000000000.1600000.16 |
&0000000000000017.68000017.68 |
&0000000000000017.6.0E+517.60 |
12 |
959 |
CA |
United States |
&0000000000000003.7600003.76 |
&0000000000000000.2200000.22 |
&0000000000000010.06000010.06 |
&0000000000000015.73000015.73 |
13 |
993 |
Fiserv |
United States |
&0000000000000004.0600004.06 |
&0000000000000000.5200000.52 |
&0000000000000006.0400006.04 |
&0000000000000007.7.0E+57.70 |
14 |
1010 |
Affiliated Computer Services |
United States |
&0000000000000004.9400004.94 |
&0000000000000000.4200000.42 |
&0000000000000005.3100005.31 |
&0000000000000007.8600007.86 |
15 |
1077 |
Adobe Systems |
United States |
&0000000000000001.9700001.97 |
&0000000000000000.6.0E+50.60 |
&0000000000000002.4400002.44 |
&0000000000000023.12000023.12 |
16 |
1086 |
Capgemini Group |
France |
&0000000000000008.2200008.22 |
&0000000000000000.1700000.17 |
&0000000000000007.1500007.15 |
&0000000000000006.5.0E+56.50 |
17 |
1215 |
ASML Holding |
Netherlands |
&0000000000000002.9900002.99 |
&0000000000000000.3700000.37 |
&0000000000000004.2.0E+54.20 |
&0000000000000010.06000010.06 |
18 |
1237 |
Electronic Arts |
United States |
&0000000000000002.8600002.86 |
&0000000000000000.2600000.26 |
&0000000000000004.3300004.33 |
&0000000000000015.75000015.75 |
19 |
1343 |
Advantest |
Japan |
&0000000000000002.2300002.23 |
&0000000000000000.3600000.36 |
&0000000000000002.6900002.69 |
&0000000000000010.7.0E+510.70 |
20 |
1366 |
Intuit |
United States |
&0000000000000002.1800002.18 |
&0000000000000000.4200000.42 |
&0000000000000002.6900002.69 |
&0000000000000008.5400008.54 |
21 |
1462 |
Autodesk |
United States |
&0000000000000001.4600001.46 |
&0000000000000000.3100000.31 |
&0000000000000001.3600001.36 |
&0000000000000008.6400008.64 |
22 |
1504 |
VeriSign |
United States |
&0000000000000001.6100001.61 |
&0000000000000000.4100000.41 |
&0000000000000003.1700003.17 |
&0000000000000005.8300005.83 |
23 |
1634 |
Check Point Software |
Israel |
&0000000000000000.5800000.58 |
&0000000000000000.3200000.32 |
&0000000000000002.0900002.09 |
&0000000000000005.2800005.28 |
24 |
1644 |
DST Systems |
United States |
&0000000000000002.5200002.52 |
&0000000000000000.4200000.42 |
&0000000000000002.9300002.93 |
&0000000000000004.0600004.06 |
25 |
1668 |
The Sage Group |
United Kingdom |
&0000000000000001.3700001.37 |
&0000000000000000.2500000.25 |
&0000000000000002.6100002.61 |
&0000000000000006.2400006.24 |
26 |
1721 |
Dassault Systèmes |
France |
&0000000000000001.1200001.12 |
&0000000000000000.2200000.22 |
&0000000000000001.6700001.67 |
&0000000000000006.3500006.35 |
27 |
1747 |
CSK |
Japan |
&0000000000000002.9900002.99 |
&0000000000000000.3100000.31 |
&0000000000000004.1600004.16 |
&0000000000000003.3900003.39 |
28 |
1859 |
Akamai Technologies |
United States |
&0000000000000000.2800000.28 |
&0000000000000000.3300000.33 |
&0000000000000000.8900000.89 |
&0000000000000003.7.0E+53.70 |
Note: The above list does not include companies like IBM whose software/services part is bigger than Microsoft. In the Forbes2000 report IBM and HP were listed as Technology Hardware companies. Also, some software companies listed in the Forbes report under 'Business Services' should also be in the above table. Examples: TCS (Rev 4 bil) Infosys (Revenue 2.1 bil), Wipro (Rev 2.4 bil).
See http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/18/biz_07forbes2000_The-Global-2000_Rank_11.html for TCV whose rank is 1047.
The Software 500 by Software Magazine
A yearly list that is available after free subscription. The list offers 500 companies. Services revenues are included in the software revenues. Software Magazine sends out a yearly request for data: companies fill in their own data online. As Software Magazine is primarily read in the US, the list also has a slight focus on the US, although it is becoming more international every year. The companies are ranked according to software & services sales revenues. Both public and private companies are included. Software Magazine’s Top 10 ranking is as follows (see their website for more info):
- IBM
- Microsoft
- Electronic Data Systems
- HP
- Accenture
- Computer Sciences Corporation
- Oracle Corporation
- SAP
- Cap Gemini
- Hitach
The Software Top 100 by the Top 100 Research Foundation
A yearly list that is freely available online. As the name indicates, the list offers 100 companies, which are ranked according to software sales revenues. Services revenues are not included, only software license and maintenance revenues. The list is primarily based upon a yearly analysis of a few hundred relevant annual reports by the foundation’s researchers. Both public and private companies are included. In 2007, the Top 10 looks as follows (see their website for more info):
- Microsoft
- IBM
- Oracle Corporation
- SAP
- HP
- Symantec
- Computer Associates
- Electronic Arts
- Adobe
- Nintendo
The largest Global Technology Companies
|
|
# |
Organisation |
2007 Turnover
(USD million) |
2006 Turnover
(USD million) |
Headquarters |
Foundation |
Executive Head |
1 |
Hewlett-Packard (HP) |
$104,300m |
$94,000m |
Palo Alto, California, USA |
1939 |
Mark V. Hurd, Chairman, CEO and President |
2 |
International Business Machines (IBM) |
$98,800m |
$91,424m |
Armonk, New York, USA |
1889 |
Samuel J. Palmisano, Chairman & CEO |
3 |
Samsung Electronics |
$89,500m |
$74,872.6m |
Suwon, South Korea |
1969 |
Jong-Yong Yun, CEO |
4 |
Hitachi, Ltd. |
$94,998m |
$60,688.5m |
Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan |
1910 |
Kazuo Furukawa, President |
5 |
Dell Inc. |
$57,400m |
$55,908m |
Round Rock, Texas, USA |
November 4, 1984 |
Michael Dell, Founder and CEO |
6 |
Sony Corporation |
$76,201m |
$54,975m |
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan |
May 7, 1946 |
Sir Howard Stringer, Chairman and CEO |
7 |
Microsoft Corporation |
$51,120m |
$44,282m |
Redmond, Washington, USA |
April 4, 1975 |
Bill Gates, Co-founder and Executive Chairman; Steve Ballmer, CEO |
8 |
Nokia Corporation |
$78,619m |
$42,233m |
Espoo, Finland |
1865 |
Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo, President & CEO;
Jorma Ollila, Chairman
|
9 |
NEC Corporation |
$47,589m |
$39,993m |
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan |
1899 |
Hajime Sasaki, Chairman of the Board; Kaoru Yano, President |
10 |
Canon Inc. |
$40,745m |
$35,730.4m |
Ota-ku, Tokyo |
August 10, 1937 |
Fujio Mitarai, Chairman & CEO |
11 |
Intel Corporation |
$38,300m |
$35,382m |
Santa Clara, California, USA |
1968 |
Paul S. Otellini, CEO; Craig Barrett, Chairman |
12 |
Cisco Systems |
$34,922m |
$28,484m |
San Jose, California, USA |
1984 |
John T. Chambers, Chairman and CEO |
13 |
Motorola |
$42,879m |
$28,383m |
Schaumburg, Illinois, USA |
1928 |
Edward Zander, Chairman; Greg Brown, President and CEO |
14 |
Electronic Data Systems (EDS) |
$22,134m |
$21,268m |
Plano, Texas, USA |
June 27, 1962 |
Ronald A. Rittenmeyer, Chairman, President & CEO |
15 |
Apple Inc. |
$24,010m |
$19,315m |
Cupertino, California, USA |
April 1, 1976 |
Steve Jobs, CEO & Co-founder |
Praful Kumar
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